Abraham’s two lines of heritage are known as Banu Ismail and Banu Israel. Banu Israel’s center is Bait‑ul‑Maqdis, while Banu Ismail’s center is Makka. The most famous tribe of Banu Ismail is the Quraish.
Muhammad (PBUH) was born in April 570 CE in the Quraish tribe. His father, Abdullah, passed away before his birth, and his mother Amina passed away when he was six. His grandfather Abdul Muttalib died when the Prophet was eight years old. His foster mother was Halima Saadia.
He placed the Black Stone (Hajr‑e‑Aswad) in its position when the Ka’ba was rebuilt. He accompanied his uncle Abu Talib on trade journeys to Syria. When he entered the trade profession, he became known as Al‑Amin — the trustworthy.
At age 25, he married Khadija (RA), daughter of Wahb bin Munaf. They were blessed with four daughters and two sons.
At age 40, the Angel Gabriel appeared to him, formally commencing his Prophethood. He announced his mission on Mount Faraan. Abu Bakr (RA) was the first man to accept Islam, Ali (RA) the first child, and Khadija (RA) the first woman. Uthman (RA) was the sixth man and Umar (RA) the fortieth to join the Ummah.
Abu Talib died in the tenth year of Prophethood, and Khadija (RA) passed away five days later. The Prophet’s journey to Taif took place in 628 CE. On his return, he encountered a group of Jinn.
He was taken bodily to the heavens during the Night of Isra and Miraj. At Bait‑ul‑Maqdis, he met all previous Prophets and led them in prayer. Five daily prayers were made obligatory.
During Hajj seasons, he introduced Islam to visiting tribes. A group from Medina pledged allegiance during the twelfth year of Prophethood. When the non‑believers of Makka plotted to kill him, he migrated to Medina with Abu Bakr (RA).
In the first year of Hijrah, mosques were built in Medina and Quba. Bilal (RA) called the first Adhan. Fasting in Ramadan and annual Zakat were made obligatory.
In the second year of Hijrah, the Muslims were attacked by the Makkans and the Battle of Badr took place. Despite being outnumbered, the Muslims achieved victory.
In the third year, the Qibla was changed from Bait‑ul‑Maqdis to Makka. The Battle of Uhud occurred, where Muslims suffered losses after an initial victory.
In the fifth year, the Battle of the Ditch (Khandaq) took place. All anti‑Islam forces allied to besiege Medina but were repelled.
In the sixth year, Muslims traveled to Makka for Umrah but were denied entry. The Treaty of Hudaybiyah was signed. Muslim women were commanded to observe Pardah (veil).
The following year, Muslims entered Makka and performed Umrah, fulfilling Qur’anic prophecy. The treaty was later violated by the Makkans, leading to the Victory of Makka in 8 AH (630 CE).
In 9 AH, the Prophet (PBUH) performed Hajjatul Wada — the Farewell Hajj.
In 11 AH, the Prophet (PBUH) became ill and appointed Abu Bakr (RA) to lead prayers. He passed away on 12 Rabi‑ul‑Awwal. His blessed grave is in Medina.
After his passing, the Ansar gathered at Saqeefah and elected Abu Bakr (RA) as the first Caliph. The Muhajireen endorsed the decision in the Prophet’s Mosque, and he was unanimously accepted.